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Svante August ARRHENIUS
19.02.1859, имение Вейк близ Упсалы — 02.10.1927, Стокгольм
Шведский физико-химик, один из основоположников физической химии, член Шведской АН (1901).
Окончил Упсальский (1878) и Стокгольмский (1884) университеты. В 1891—1902 годах
работал в Высшей технической школе в Стокгольме (с 1895 года — профессор,
с 1896 года — ректор), в 1905—1927 годах — директор
Отдела физической химии Нобелевского института.
В 1887 году разработал теорию электролитической диссоциации, сущность которой сводится
к утверждению, что вещества, растворы которых являются электролитами, при растворении распадаются
на ионы, т. е. на атомы или группы атомов, несущие определённые электрические заряды,
одни — положительные, другие — отрицательные. Растворы становятся
проводниками электричества тогда, когда они содержат ионы. Чем больше в них ионов (при
прочих равных условиях), тем большей электропроводностью обладает раствор. В XX веке
возникли современные представления о растворах, учитывающие не только диссоциацию
растворённых молекул на ионы, но и соединение их с молекулами растворителя, дающими так
называемые сольваты или в случае воды — гидриты. В 1903 году за работы
в области химии Аррениусу была присуждена Нобелевская премия.
Ввёл понятие энергии активации ΔЕ и вывел уравнение зависимости константы скорости
реакции от фактора частоты столкновения молекул А, температуры и ΔЕ, ставшее одним
из основных в химической кинетике (уравнение Аррениуса).
Аррениусу принадлежит ряд исследований по астрономии и астрофизике (температура планет,
теория солнечной короны, образование и эволюция небесных светил и др.), по
приложению физико-химических законов к биологическим процессам и биологической химии.
Член многих академий наук, иностранный член АН СССР (1925). Медали Г. Дэви, Дж. Гиббса
(1911), М. Фарадея (1914).
В. А. Волков, Е. В. Вонский, Г. И. Кузнецова. Выдающиеся химики мира: Биографический справо |
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